Younger Next Year - Live Strong - Chris Crowley Henry Lodge
Retire Richly. Retirement Lifestyle. Younger Next Year - Live Strong, Fit, and Sexy Until You're 80 and Beyond - Chris Crowley and Henry S. Lodge - Lady in Gym on Elliptical Machine
Younger Next Year, a book by Chris Crowley and Henry Lodge, provides a compelling guide to aging actively and healthily. It promotes enhanced retirement lifestyle, strong retirement health and ultimately longevity. Crowley and Lodge observed that his patients aged in their fifties, sixties and seventies were often overweight, out of shape, apathetic, and seriously sick or injured. Crowley and Lodge challenge conventional biological decay and presents the "new science of aging" that suggests we don't have to age significantly for decades, offering the possibility of living like fifty into our eighties. Crowley and Lodge frame seven core principles on two main themes - taking charge of your body and taking charge of your life – for vigorous exercise, mindful nutrition and social connections.
BOOKS BY CHRIS CROWLEY OR HENRY LODGE - AUTHORS - YOUNGER NEXT YEAR
RATINGS FOR YOUNGER NEXT YEAR BY CHRIS CROWLEY AND HENRY LODGE
Goodreads 4.1/5.0 (approximately 5,000 ratings)
Amazon 4.5/5.0 (approximately 2,000 ratings)
YOUNGER NEXT YEAR – TOP THREE THEMES FOCUS ON EXERCISE, DIET AND CONNECTIONS
Consistent Exercise is Non-Negotiable. The book asserts that to counteract natural decay, serious, consistent exercise is essential as you age. Harry's first three rules emphasize this, stating you must exercise six days a week for the rest of your life, including serious aerobic exercise four days a week and serious strength training with weights two days a week. This routine sends a crucial "grow" message to your body, prompting cellular repair and adaptation rather than decline. It's presented not just as a way to feel better, but as a biological necessity and a powerful medicine against decay.
Prioritize Smart Nutrition by Avoiding "Crap". Beyond just exercise, the book highlights that diet plays a vital role, encapsulated in Harry's Fifth Rule: Quit eating crap!. This simple command urges readers to stop consuming processed foods, refined carbohydrates ("white foods"), and excessive sugars that contribute negatively to health. Instead, the focus shifts to eating real foods found in nature, like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. It's not about temporary dieting but a fundamental, sustainable change in what you eat and how much.
Foster Deep Connections and Commitments. Taking charge of your life, particularly the social and emotional aspects, is presented as critical for well-being in later years. The book stresses the need to connect and commit, even making "Care" Harry's Sixth Rule. Humans are described as "pack animals," meaning maintaining strong relationships with partners, friends, or even pets is biologically important. Engaging in activities, projects, or volunteer work that provides purpose and social interaction is also key to staying nourished emotionally and mentally, countering the potential isolation of retirement
“Exercise six days a week for life”
“Exercise is powerful medicine”
YOUNGER NEXT YEAR FRAMES SEVEN RULES FOR BETTER RETIREMENT HEALTH, RETIREMENT LIFESTYLE AND LONGEVITY
Exercise Six Days a Week: This is Harry's First Rule and is presented as non-negotiable – "Six days, serious exercise, until you die". This seemingly extreme rule is grounded in the biology of growth and decay. The body is constantly choosing between growing and decaying based on the signals it receives; sedentary behavior sends a "decay" message, while vigorous exercise sends a "grow" message. Exercise triggers processes involving chemical messengers like C-6 (inflammation) and C-10 (cytokines that control repair and growth). Consistency is emphasized over intensity, especially when starting. The program involves both aerobic exercise (focused on endurance and infrastructure growth like blood vessels and mitochondria) and strength training (focused on power and coordination, essential for daily movements and preventing falls). The authors strongly advocate using a heart rate monitor for aerobic training to ensure you're working in the correct zones (e.g., fat-burning zone below 65% max heart rate, or higher for more intense training). For strength training, they recommend two days a week, stressing the importance of proper form (ideally with a trainer initially) and pushing muscles to fatigue to stimulate cellular damage and subsequent growth.
Quit Eating Crap! This is Harry's Fifth Rule. The authors are blunt about the need to eliminate foods high in solid fats, added sugars, and excessive salt. This includes most fast food (called "gardens of evil"), processed snacks, "white foods" (refined carbs like white bread, rice, potatoes), and excessive sugar. They explain that refined carbs cause rapid spikes and drops in blood sugar and insulin, leading to hyperabsorption of calories, fat storage, and continuous hunger, contributing to problems like diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Instead, they recommend focusing on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which provide fiber and micronutrients. They also distinguish between good fats (unsaturated fats found in fish, nuts, vegetable oils) and bad fats (saturated fats common in the modern diet). A key piece of advice is that "Good nutrition happens in the supermarket, not in the kitchen", urging readers to make healthy choices before they even get home. They don't advocate for specific diets but for a fundamental shift away from unhealthy foods.
Care, Connect, and Commit: These principles, Harry's Sixth and Seventh Rules, address the crucial non-physical aspects of aging well. The book emphasizes that humans are "pack animals" and "literally built to be involved with and to care for one another". This biological need is rooted in the limbic system, the emotional brain, which is deeply interconnected with the physical body. Loneliness and lack of connection are presented as detrimental to health, while social contact, caring for others (altruism), and being cared for produce positive biochemical responses like serotonin, which counter stress hormones. The authors urge readers to actively work at building and maintaining relationships with partners, friends, and groups. They suggest finding meaningful projects and commitments, especially in retirement, that provide purpose and connection, noting that even simple involvement and altruism have significant health benefits. "Caring" also extends to a higher form – aspiring to things beyond self or immediate group, which they suggest might be core to human character.
Keep a Logbook: While seemingly mundane, the authors consider keeping a daily logbook a "great key to caring about your own life". The simple act of writing down what you ate, what exercise you did (or didn't), and what you did with your life (socially, morally, etc.) fosters accountability and self-awareness. Knowing that "All Will Be Written" can influence moment-to-moment decisions. They use the analogy of a ship's captain's log, stating that failing to keep an accurate log means losing "command" of yourself.
PERSPECTIVE OF CHRIS CROWLEY AND HENRY LODGE, AUTHORS OF YOUNGER NEXT YEAR
Chris Crowley is the "report from the front". A retired lawyer who began implementing these principles in his sixties, he provides the personal, often humorous, and sometimes blunt narrative voice. He admits to being an "indifferent athlete," initially overweight, and "hardwired for pleasure", making his success with the program relatable. His voice is conversational, anecdotal, and motivating, using analogies and personal stories to make the points land. He is the "demo model" and the driving force behind initiating the book project.
Dr. Henry S. Lodge, on the other hand, is the "real McCoy," a board-certified internist and gerontologist who brings the scientific expertise. He is described as younger than Crowley, quiet, perhaps a bit "nerdy" but deeply knowledgeable in recent developments in cellular and evolutionary biology. His chapters explain the "biology of growth and decay", the science behind exercise, nutrition, and the limbic brain/emotion. While acknowledging the complexity of the science, his aim is to make it accessible and persuasive.
Their combined perspective offers a potent mix: the practical experience of someone who has lived the principles and achieved remarkable results, coupled with the scientific foundation from a respected medical expert. This dual perspective reinforces the credibility and applicability of the Younger Next Year program.
“Money cannot buy happiness”
“Do not become a grumpy old man”
YOUNGER NEXT YEAR USES A SCIENTIFIC, MOTIVATIONAL TONE TO ENHANCE RETIREMENT HEALTH AND MORE BROADLY RETIREMENT LIFESTYLE
Science-Backed Philosophy: By grounding its lifestyle recommendations in evolutionary biology and cellular processes, the book offers a powerful and compelling reason to make changes beyond simply looking or feeling better. The idea that you are literally signaling your body to grow or decay based on your actions provides a strong motivational framework. While simplified, the science is presented as accurate.
Holistic Approach: The book recognizes that health and aging well are not just about physical fitness. By incorporating sections on nutrition, emotional well-being, social connection, purpose, and even personal economy, it provides a comprehensive guide to thriving in the later decades of life. The emphasis on the biological importance of caring and connecting is particularly insightful and often overlooked in similar books.
Motivational Tone: Crowley's direct, no-excuses, yet self-deprecating voice is highly effective for many readers. Phrases like "Suck it up, be a guy, do your job" or the blunt assessment of unhealthy choices resonate with a certain audience. The stories of readers who have transformed their lives serve as powerful inspiration.
Practical Guidance: Despite the big-picture science, the book provides actionable steps. It outlines Harry's Rules clearly, offers a sample exercise program, gives concrete tips for avoiding unhealthy food, and stresses the importance of tools like heart rate monitors and logbooks. The detail on specific exercises (like the Squat or Single-Leg Squat) adds further practical value.
Empowering Message: The core message is that aging is not a passive process dictated solely by genes (which are only "maybe twenty percent of it") but is largely within our control. This empowers readers to take charge of their health and future.
Authentic Partnership: The alternating voices of the layman and the doctor feel genuine and reinforce each other. Crowley's personal journey validates Lodge's scientific principles.
FOR SOME READERS, YOUNGER NEXT YEAR MAY BE BLUNT OR OVERLY FOCUS ON PHYSICAL FITNESS TO ENHANCE RETIREMENT HEALTH
Scientific Simplification: While lauded as a strength for accessibility, the admitted simplification of the science means readers looking for in-depth biological explanations may find it wanting. The mechanisms are presented in broad strokes.
Rigidity of Rules: The insistence on "six days a week, serious exercise" can feel daunting or even discouraging to someone just starting or facing significant physical limitations. While they offer a scaled approach, the initial presentation is quite rigid. The "no exceptions" stance might not be suitable for everyone and could lead some to give up entirely if they can't meet the demanding schedule.
Bluntness and Tone: Crowley's candid and sometimes gruff tone, while motivating for some, might be off-putting to others. His generalizations about "guys" or his harsh descriptions of people out of shape ("big, fat people," "face-puffed pudgies") could be seen as insensitive or alienating. His self-proclaimed lack of discipline in some areas (drinking, spending, clothes) might undermine his credibility for some readers, although he presents it as part of his relatable journey.
Less Detail on Non-Physical Aspects: While the book covers caring, connecting, and committing, the practical advice in these areas is less structured and detailed than the exercise guidance. The authors acknowledge this, noting these areas are harder to provide fixed prescriptions for. For readers struggling most with loneliness or finding purpose, the guidance might feel less concrete.
Outdated Specifics: As noted in the preface, the advice on water intake needed correction. While the core biological principles are presented as unchanging, specific recommendations (like exercise techniques or heart rate zones) can evolve. The book itself notes the difficulty in recommending a specific strength training book because they believe a trainer is needed to start.
“You can choose to live like fifty until you’re in your eighties”
“Find a new pack”
WHO SHOULD READ YOUNGER NEXT YEAR, BY CHRIS CROWLEY AND HENRY LODGE?
The book is explicitly aimed at men in their fifties, sixties, and beyond, particularly those who have been relatively successful in their careers but may have let their physical health slide. It speaks directly to the experience of facing the realities of aging and retirement. However, the principles are broadly applicable, and the authors note that the book can matter even more to single people. The existence of a version for women suggests the core message resonates across gender, though the original's tone and anecdotes are clearly geared towards a male perspective. The book is written to be accessible to general readers, requiring no prior scientific background, although those with an interest in biology may find the scientific explanations particularly engaging. It's for anyone who wants to take a proactive role in their health and well-being during the "last third" of life and is willing to commit to significant lifestyle changes.
HOW DOES YOUNGER NEXT YEAR COMPARE TO OTHER BOOKS ON LONGEVITY AND RETIREMENT LIFESTYLE?
"Younger Next Year" exists within a larger landscape of books on health, aging, fitness, and well-being. The authors themselves recommend several resources in the book, which serve as good points of comparison. In terms of nutrition, it aligns with general principles found in books like Walter C. Willett's "Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy" (which they reference as the "Harvard nutrition guide") or books focusing on glycemic index like "The G.I. Diet" by advocating for whole foods, limiting refined carbs, and emphasizing healthy fats. The exercise principles, particularly on using heart rate monitors, are similar to guides like Edmund Burke's "Precision Heart Rate Training". For those interested in the science of aging, books like Rowe and Kahn's "Successful Aging" or George E. Vaillant's "Aging Well" explore similar themes of proactive aging, often drawing on long-term studies. Dean Ornish's "Love and Survival" provides a deeper dive into the biological importance of emotional connections, a key component of Younger Next Year's program. The authors have also published related works like "Younger Next Year for Women" and companion guides like "Younger Next Year Journal" and "Younger Next Year: The Exercise Program", which elaborate on specific aspects of their program.
Within its genre, the book Younger Next Year is distinctive in the following ways:
The Core Biological Argument: The book's strongest differentiation is its relentless focus on the "growth or decay" binary and the concept that decay is not an inevitable consequence of "normal aging" but a biological choice influenced by lifestyle. This reframes aging from a passive decline to an active process that can be managed by sending the correct biological signals.
The Authorial Voice and Partnership: The collaboration between a successful layman living the program and a doctor explaining the science provides a unique, relatable, and credible voice that sets it apart from books written solely by medical professionals or personal trainers. Crowley's personal journey, struggles, and triumphs are central to the book's narrative and motivational power.
Emphasis on Exercise as Signaling: The book doesn't just tell you to exercise; it explains why in biological terms, focusing on how different types and intensities of exercise send specific "grow" or "repair" messages to the body's cells.
Integration of Limbic Health: The significant attention given to the biological imperative for social connection, caring, and commitment, linking it directly to the limbic system and overall health, is more prominent than in many other health or fitness books aimed at this demographic. It elevates relationships and purpose from mere "nice-to-haves" to biological necessities.
The "Until 80 and Beyond" Promise: The ambitious goal articulated in the subtitle – living strong, fit, and sexy until 80 and beyond – distinguishes it from books that might focus simply on slowing decline. It promotes the idea of continued vitality and quality of life late into old age.
YOUNGER NEXT YEAR - LIVE STRONG, FIT AND SEXY UNTIL YOU’RE 80 AND BEYOND - RETIREMENT LIFESTYLE - CONCLUSION
"Younger Next Year" is more than just a health or fitness book; it's a manifesto for actively choosing how you will live the last third of your life. Its central, empowering message is that decay is optional, and much of what we consider normal aging can be prevented or reversed by adhering to fundamental biological rules. The book's strength lies in its compelling blend of personal testimony and accessible science, motivating readers to make significant lifestyle changes – primarily daily exercise and mindful nutrition – not just for vanity, but because they are essential biological signals for growth and health. While the strict rules and blunt tone may not resonate with everyone, and some areas like social connection are less detailed than others, the book's holistic approach to well-being, emphasizing the crucial role of relationships and purpose alongside physical health, provides a powerful and actionable roadmap. For anyone in their fifties or beyond who feels the "tide" setting against them and wants to take proactive command of their health and happiness, "Younger Next Year" offers a challenging yet ultimately optimistic and effective strategy for living a vibrant and fulfilling life for decades to come.
“Quit eating crap!”
“Go to bed an hour earlier”
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BOOK YOUNGER NEXT YEAR BY CHRIS CROWLEY
What is the core idea or "Revolution in Aging" that the book promotes?
At its heart, "Younger Next Year" advocates for a Revolution in Aging. The central premise is that the way we age now, often involving significant decay and illness in the last third of life, is not inevitable or "normal". Instead, the authors argue that decay is optional. By making specific lifestyle changes, particularly in exercise, nutrition, and social connection, individuals can actively choose growth over decay and live strong, fit, and sexy—until they're 80 and beyond.
The book suggests that the traditional picture of aging, based on previous generations like our fathers and grandfathers, is changing. It is a "remarkable new way of looking at it". The authors believe that for many people reaching fifty or sixty in reasonable health, the real problem is not running out of time (quantity of life) but outliving the quality of life. Their goal is to make the road ahead "radically better" for as long as you're on it. The book is based on science, specifically the biology that has run our bodies for millions of years, which they argue has not changed and won't change. They aim to provide the "code" and "immutable rules" from Nature to help you control your biology. The authors are "deadly serious" about the potential changes this approach can bring to the rest of your life. They suggest that over 50 percent of all illness and injuries in the last third of your life can be eliminated by changing your lifestyle as they suggest, not just delayed. Furthermore, 70 percent of premature death is considered lifestyle-related. The core message is that by taking charge of your biology, you can effectively choose between growth and decay on a daily basis.
What are "Harry's Rules"?
Dr. Henry S. Lodge, referred to as Harry, provides a set of core rules for living the "Younger Next Year" program. These rules are presented as the fundamental principles for achieving functional youth and a better quality of life in later years.
Rule 1: Exercise six days a week for the rest of your life. This is presented as a non-negotiable, mandatory commitment, especially after age fifty.
Rule 2: Do serious aerobic exercise four days a week for the rest of your life. Aerobic exercise is seen as critical for sending "grow" signals to override decay.
Rule 3: Do serious strength training, with weights, two days a week for the rest of your life. Strength training is highlighted as being incredibly important for feeling good and staying healthy, addressing a different set of issues than aerobic exercise.
Rule 4: Spend less than you make. This rule relates to personal economy and financial planning for retirement, urging a realistic assessment of income and adjustment of lifestyle to live within those means.
Rule 5: Quit eating crap! This refers to making conscious choices about nutrition, focusing on eliminating unhealthy foods rather than strict dieting.
Rule 6: Care. This is a broader rule encompassing caring about your own life, exercise, and nutrition, but also caring about things beyond oneself, aspiring to "higher caring" for the greater good.
Rule 7: Connect and commit. This rule emphasizes the crucial importance of social connection and involvement with other people, groups, and causes.
Why is exercise, particularly "Harry's First Rule," considered so important?
Exercise, encapsulated in Harry's First Rule to exercise six days a week for the rest of your life, is presented as a foundational and transformative element of the "Younger Next Year" program. While the authors mention other important aspects like nutrition, social connection, and financial health, exercise is introduced early and stressed repeatedly as the great key to aging.
The sources explain that exercise is essential for communicating a constant "grow" message to your body's cells, overriding the natural biological tide of decay that picks up around age fifty. Biologically, there is only growth or decay, and your body looks to you to choose. Exercise is the language your body understands to tell it to get stronger, more limber, and functionally younger.
Living up to this rule and seeing the early results can significantly change your perspective on the next phase of your life, providing the strength, optimism, and flexibility needed to address other areas. The authors emphasize that "anything better than nothing" is not sufficient, especially for men over fifty; six days a week is mandatory because it has to be to combat the "crazy tide" of decay. They suggest thinking of it as making exercise your "new job" and showing up every day, similar to commitments learned over a career.
Furthermore, exercise works near-miracles in building an aerobic base that can be the envy of younger people, leading to better physical condition with fewer aches and pains even after strenuous activity. It is key to improving aerobic fitness, as measured by metrics like recovery rate, and helps combat the failing legs that can lead to mobility issues later in life. Exercise is also noted for its positive impact on the body's systems and its role in managing conditions like emphysema, heart disease, cancer recovery, and depression. The authors present it as a direct countermeasure to the risk of surgery or severe health problems down the road. In essence, consistent, serious exercise six days a week is the primary mechanism through which the body is signaled to grow rather than decay, forming the foundation for the rest of your life.
What does the book say about nutrition and Harry's Rule #5, "Quit eating crap!"?
The book emphasizes that nutrition is a critical component of the "Younger Next Year" program and aging well. Harry's Fifth Rule is simply, "Quit eating crap!".
This means being mindful of what you consume and making conscious choices. "Crap" includes foods high in solid fats, added sugars, and excessive salt. The authors point out that many processed foods fall into this category. They strongly advise against fast food, calling such places "gardens of evil".
To avoid eating "crap," the book suggests several strategies. Be aware of what you buy at the supermarket. Be mindful of what you decide to cook at home. Choose wisely what and how much you eat at the table. Avoid restaurants that specialize in unhealthy food. When dining out, order healthier options and ask for things like bread to be removed. Recognize that even if unhealthy food is on your plate, you don't have to eat it.
They recommend referring to a food pyramid (like the Harvard one mentioned) to guide your choices. Good foods are generally found nearer the bottom of the pyramid. Foods that are "just plain bad" are those that are significantly worse for you. Key healthy components include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which provide essential fiber and micronutrients. Fiber is crucial for slowing fat absorption, keeping your colon healthy, preventing cancer, and providing bulk to feel full. Limiting salt is also important, as most people consume far more than the recommended amount, largely due to added salt in processed foods.
A core piece of advice is that "Good nutrition happens in the supermarket, not in the kitchen". They suggest eating a good meal before shopping, using a list of healthy items, and looking at the food pyramid before you go. The authors believe that simply following these principles can lead to weight loss, stating, "You will be thinner next year". They mention a related book, "Thinner Tastes Better" (and note that they later published "Thinner Next Year"), highlighting that while it might not taste better initially, it's worth the effort. Exercise also plays a role in managing weight by increasing basal metabolism and burning fat during recovery.
Why do the authors suggest keeping a logbook?
Keeping a log is presented as a "mundane advice about the mechanics of caring" but is considered a "great key to caring about your own life". The authors argue that to live a good, full, and cared-about life, it must be an "examined life," and this involves writing things down.
They acknowledge that it's easy to succumb to inertia and make excuses, but knowing you have to record your actions makes you more likely to get up and do what you intended.
The simple log should include three things every day - what you ate; what exercise you did (or didn't do); and what you did with your life in a broader sense—sexually, socially, morally, or whatever feels important to you.
The knowledge that "All Will Be Written" and "All Will Be Known" serves as a powerful tool for making moment-to-moment decisions. It acts as a "talismanic business," a sign that someone cares, even if it's just yourself. Using the analogy of a captain's log, the authors state that tampering with or failing to keep an accurate log is like losing command – in this case, losing "command" of yourself.
How does the book explain the biological importance of connecting with others?
The book dedicates significant attention to the biological need for social connection and caring, as highlighted by Harry's Rules #6 (Care) and #7 (Connect and commit). Getting out on the road in the Next Third specifically involves "reconnecting and recommitting to other people," including family, friends, and getting involved in groups. The authors consider it a "huge mistake" to become less social with age, as it turns out we are "literally built to be involved with and to care for one another". This is described as fundamental to being a mammal.
Failure to exercise social skills or becoming solitary can lead to illness and death. Hundreds of studies demonstrate the severe consequences of not living like the "pack animals we are". The book cites Dean Ornish's work and his book "Love and Survival," which posits that love saves lives. Even simple mammalian contact, like owning a dog, has been linked to better health outcomes (e.g., heart attack survival rates).
The biological mechanism involves the brain, particularly the limbic system. While we have different parts of the brain (physical, emotional, thinking), they are interconnected. The emotional brain, rooted in the limbic system, plays a key role. Social contact and caring produce positive biochemical responses, such as the production of serotonin, which makes you feel good and helps block stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. The brain is constantly creating physical and social "maps" and assigning emotional tags to them. Sharing stories and emotional experiences directly impacts the limbic system, fostering healing and connection.
The authors lament that modern society, with its emphasis on nuclear families and impersonal cities, has moved away from the interconnected lives of the past. They suggest the popularity of shows like "Friends" reflects a deep longing for these connections. Loneliness is a serious issue, and the book stresses the importance of working hard at building and maintaining relationships. It's not just about receiving care; altruism and giving back to the group are also biological needs, making you feel good and ensuring the "tribe" is there for you when you need it. The concept of "caring" also extends to a "higher caring" – aspiring to things beyond immediate self-interest or one's pack, which may be a core part of human character.
“Do serious strength training”
“Exercise against decay”
ABOUT CHRIS CROWLEY AND HENRY LODGE, AUTHORS OF YOUNGER NEXT YEAR – LIVE STRONG, FIT AND SEXY UNTIL YOU’RE 80 AND BEYOND
Chris Crowley is the author, with Henry S. Lodge MD, of Younger Next Year - the New York Times bestseller with over two million copies sold in twenty-three languages. As at 2025, there are now six books in the Younger series with co-authors including Jeremy James, a healer. Chris is also the author of the legal thriller The Practical Navigator.
Chris was a litigation partner at a leading Wall Street law firm, Davis Polk & Wardwell. For twenty-five years, he led teams in the usual run of big cases for major companies. He retired early “to live more than one life.” He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, and grew up in Marblehead and Peabody. He graduated from Exeter, Harvard College, and the University of Virginia Law School. He has three children and six grandchildren. Chris and Hilary live in Lakeville, Connecticut and New York City and spend time in Aspen. They are avid skiers, bikers, and sailors.
Henry S Lodge MD FACP headed a twenty-doctor practice in Manhattan and was the Robert Burch Family Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center.
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